Basic Amino Acids
23
Lysine
23
Histidine
24
Arginine
24
Neutral Amino Acids
24
Serine
24
Threonine
25
Cysteine
25
Tyrosine
25
Asparagine
25
Glutamine
26
Unusual Amino Acids
26
Amino Acids Used as Drugs
26
2.3
Electrolyte and Acid-Base Properties
27
2.4
Chemical Reactions of Amino Acids
31
Supplemental Readings
and References
33
CHAPTER
3
Protein Isolation and Determination
of Amino Acid Sequence
3.1
Quantitative Determination of Proteins
35
3.2
Determination of Primary Structure
36
3.3
Separation of Proteins
36
Separation by Molecular Size
37
Separation by Chromatography
37
Affinity Tag Chromatography
39
Separation by Electrophoresis
39
3.4
Capillary Electrophoresis
41
Separation by Solubility
41
3.5
Amino Acid Composition
42
3.6
Amino Acid Sequence Determination
43
Identification of the N-Terminal Residue
43
Identification of the C-Terminal Residue
44
Selective Hydrolysis Methods
45
Peptide Sequence Confirmation
46
Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis
48
Supplemental Readings
and References
49
Contents
CHAPTER
4
Three-Dimensional Structure
of Proteins
4.1
Attractive and Repulsive Forces
in Proteins
52
Attractive Forces
52
Repulsive Forces
52
4.2
Primary Structure
53
Peptide Bond
53
4.3
Secondary Structure
53
a-Helix
54
/i-Pleated Sheet
55
/1-Tums
56
Random Coil
56
Determination of Secondary Structure by Using
Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy
56
Other Types of Secondary Structure
56
4.4
Tertiary Structure
57
4.5
Quaternary Structure
58
4.6
Dénaturation
58
4.7
Protein Folding and Associated
Diseases
59
Supplemental Readings
and References
64
Protein Folding and Its Defects
64
Alzheimer’s Disease,
p53,
and Prions
64
CHAPTER
5
Thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics,
and Energy Metabolism
5.1
Methods of Altering the Rate
of Reactions
67
